The Golden State: Where & How to Live, Secure, Visit, Enjoy and Thrive in California
Theory Of Decoration
Wrought iron was the customary material for lighting fixtures in Gothic France and England and the use of this material persisted well into the Renaissance in both of those countries.
In the French periods, beginning with Louis XIV. Glittering ciystal chandeliers hung from the ceiling in the large rooms. Crystal designs were also used for wall sconces. The art of the ormolu worker, which was carried to such perfection in the furniture mounts of these periods, was also seen in the wall fixtures, candelabra, girandoles, and table lights.
The metal was first cast in a mould, then chased with exquisite detail and sharpness and covered with gold leaf. The patterns and general character changed with each period, the metal workers using the same decorative motifs as the woodcarvers, painters and weavers.
In the English periods, the wrought iron of the Gothic and Early Renaissance was gradually superseded by bronze and gilt bronze, the motifs following the general trend of the arts of the respective jjeriods. We find however, a greater use of silver, both solid and plated, with the cheaper substitutes for this metal, lead and pewter, each of which, due to their softer consistency, depended upon form rather than surface enrichment for their interest.
In all countries we find an effort to increase illumination by means of reflectors, both in table candlesticks and wall fixtures. This was done by placing polished metal or glass surfaces behind the flame of the candles. Sometimes the glass was enriched by means of etching or painting and it was often used in combination with other materials.
In the American colonies the lighting fixtures closely resemble those of England, although the primitive home-made forms were used in the earlier periods. These consisted of the most simple types in iron, tin, pewter, glass and wood. The hanging chandelier was a rarity, the majority of fixtures being candlesticks and wall fixtures.
