The Golden State: Where & How to Live, Secure, Visit, Enjoy and Thrive in California

New Handy Site On Plumbing

The outside water service to existing stub at curb or to City water main in street. The outside sewer pipe to City main or stub at curb. The fixtures such as bath tubs, water closets, lavatories, sinks, laundry trays, etc.

Labor costs under present conditions are somewhat of an uncertain quantity, and must be estimated for each individual job, the estimator having in mind the class of men he expects to put on the work, as it is a sad commentary, but nevertheless a fact, that plumbers today are less competent and efficient, more indifferent and careless, than, we will say, ''before the war." This indifference or inefficiency makes the task of the estimator more difficult, but I have found that the following percentages on labor cost are fairly satisfactory in estimating labor:

Handling and setting fixtures—20% to 25% of fixture cost.
Installing roughing material—60% to 75% of cost.

The judgment of the estimator must be the guide, however, in considering the known difficulties that will have to be overcome in estimating labor costs

In figuring galvanized piping for waste pipe, vent pipe, or water pipe, it is impossible to estimate every fitting required. I have found that from 65% to 75% of the pipe cost will cover the cost of all fittings required for the job, if pipe is measured carefully from plan.

Cast iron soil pipe fittings, including caulking lead and oakum, will run very close to 75% to 85% of pipe cost; judgment must be used, however, in considering the length of the pipe runs and the number of fixtures to be supplied. For instance, a run of pipe from a downspout stack would not require the per cent of fittings a bath room stack would call for.

Weight of One Cubic Foot of Pure Water.
At 32 degrees Fahr. (freezing point) 62.418 lbs.
At 39.1 degrees Fahr. (maximum density) 62.425 lbs.
At 62 degrees Fahr. (standard temperature) 62.355 lbs.
At 212 degrees Fahr. (boiling point, under 1 atmos-
phere) 59.76 lbs.
Imperial gallon =277,274 cubic inches of water at 62
degrees Fahr 10 lbs.
American gallon = 231 cubic inches of water at 62
degrees Fahr 8.3356 lbs.
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
Cubic Measure.
1728 cubic inches equal 1 cubic foot, cu. ft
27 cubic feet " 1 cubic yard, cu. yd.
128 cubic feet " 1 cord. cd.
24 3/4 cubic feet " 1 perch, P.
1 cu. yd. equals 27 cu. ft. equals 46,656 cu. in.