The Golden State: Where & How to Live, Secure, Visit, Enjoy and Thrive in California

Plumbing Repairs And Utilities

e. FILES AND RASPS. Complete set of files includes round, half-round, and square rasps; round, half-round, square, and flat bastards; flat mill; and taper and slim taper. Clean files by washing in a warm water and potash solution, rinsing in clear warm water, and drying thoroughly. Never use files or rasps without handles.
f. MELTING TOT. Use cast-iron melting pot to melt lead or solder. Clean and scrape pot thoroughly before using it.
g. PACKING AND CALKING IRONS. Set of packing and calking irons consist of types shown in figure 15.
h. PIPE REAMERS. Use reamers to remove burrs from iron pipe after it is cut. Reaming makes a smooth bore, prevents possible stoppages, and permits better flow in pipes.
i. PIPE TAPS. Keep tap threads clean and sharp. Replace broken and worn taps.
j. RUNNERS. Use runners for hot poured joints in hub-and-spigot pipe.
k. TWIST DRILLS. Use twist drills if an auger might split the wood. Also use them to start a circular cut; drill row of small holes with twist drill, then finish cut with comjjass saw.
l. WRENCHES AND TONGS,

(I) Rigid type pipe wrenches are most commonly used in 6- to 18-inch sizes, but are available in sizes up to 36 inches. Adjust wrenches to hold pipe at center of jaws. A good bite is necessary to avoid slipping and possible injury. Never use pipe extensions on wrench handles.
(2) Use Parmalee wrenches on brass pipe; these wrenches do not bite into soft pipe or bend it out of shape.
(3) Use strap wrenches on plated or polished pipe to avoid marring the pipe surface.
(4) Use chain tongs on heavy work. Maximum safe load has been reached when long handle bends under load. Inspect rivets or links occasionally. Badly curved rivets or stretclied and rigid links indi- cate that the chain has been loaded to breaking point. Do not use chain tongs with such defects.
(5) Take proper care of wrenches to insure that jaws and teeth are kept sharp and clean, springs are active and unbroken, and pins are tight.

m. VISES. An ordinary bench vise is enough for most Uses. Keep jaws sharp and guides oiled. Clamp polished or brass pipe with a set of clamping jaws made by sawing a coupling in half lengthwise and lining each half with a piece of 6- or 8-pound sheet lead.